What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition in which high blood glucose levels develop during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant. The hormonal changes of pregnancy, particularly increased insulin resistance in the third trimester, prevent the pancreas from producing enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. This temporary metabolic imbalance resolves after delivery in most cases, but carries health implications for both mother and baby during pregnancy.

Diagnosis typically occurs between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation through screening tests. Clinicians in Kuala Lumpur pregnancy care centers use the glucose tolerance test (GTT) or oral glucose challenge test (OGCT) to identify elevated fasting glucose or abnormal glucose responses. Some pregnant women require repeat testing or continuous monitoring depending on initial results.

GDM is classified as a high-risk pregnancy condition because untreated or poorly controlled blood sugar levels can lead to complications including excessive fetal growth (macrosomia), preterm delivery, preeclampsia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Maternal outcomes may include increased risk of Type 2 diabetes in later life. Women with GDM require regular monitoring of blood glucose, dietary counseling, and sometimes insulin therapy to maintain target glucose ranges throughout pregnancy.

Management at high-risk pregnancy care providers focuses on preventing maternal and fetal complications through close surveillance, blood sugar control, and timely delivery planning if needed. Routine postpartum screening helps identify whether diabetes persists after pregnancy.